Constitutional law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Constitutional law - Essay Example The probability of preparing laws to protect American citizens will be limited if the Elected Officials safety is not provided in the constitution. In essence, enforcement of laws such as those of prior censorship or prior restraint to protect citizens is bestowed on the Elected Officials. Similarly, absence of such laws will result into subjects approaching their representative and present their perception over certain issues. Thus, laws such as prior censorship or prior restraints have been stipulated to ensure publishers to remain accountable for any publications or communication. Restriction of hearing and distribution of censored material is provided under the prior restraint. However, some regions such as Argentina and U. S impose sanctions after communication of this material. Different cases have been used to affirm this position of the law (Thomas and dale 1). They include Near Vs Minnesota (1931) Near was convicted for publishing a malicious, disreputable, and defamatory ar ticle against Charles G. Davis, a special law enforcement officer. As a result, the defendant was banned from publishing any kind of newspaper. Though the statute to suppress public nuisance of periodicals and newspaper is essential it raises questions of grave significance that transcends local interest s entailed in any particular action. Nevertheless, the ruling was based on the unusual and illegitimate manner the defendant sought to execute his desire. Further, more exposition is brought out through the 1971 New York Times Co. V. United States case. In this case, a court injunction was given to prevent publication of an article rather document that would endanger the nation’s security (Thomas and dale 1). I believe the prior restraint was valid since the first amendment was absolute. Similarly, the 1993 case Hill v. Colorado affirms the restriction of publication or passing of pamphlets to state officials. Restriction of protests around abortion clinics resulted into the 100-foot radius buffer zone. In my opinion, this legislation works in protection of the state officials. Therefore, I believe it is worth concluding that it is unlawful for any individual to hand any form of publication or publish any information that endangers the safety of a nation of state officials (Epstein 45). Question 2 I believe the students are free to hold their ceremony at the school’s graduation square as planned. Concerning Lee v. Weismen court case, the students club had prior knowledge on their rights thus their meetings in a room to use facilities after school was justified. The ruling approved clergies to lead prayers during graduation. As a result, subtle religious coercion emerged due to violation of the Establishment clause. I think acknowledgement of the presence of a supreme is essential thus; their desire to hold a separate graduation is justifiable. In my opinion, the option of not attending the graduation ceremony excuses any coercion or inducement in the ceremony itself is discarded. In the current society, high school graduation is a significant occasion; therefore, no student is free to absent himself or herself from the exercise in any real sense of the term "voluntary." In addition, not dispositive is the disputation that prayers are an essential part of these ceremonies because for many people

Historical Overview of the Insanity Defense Essay Example for Free

Historical Overview of the Insanity Defense Essay The basic objective of this project is to be able to narrate the history of the creation and use of insanity defense. The theory of using insanity to defend those who are charged with serious criminal acts like murder has been espoused by the proponents of the insanity defense ever since this particular move gained popularity especially among lawyers who successfully defended their clients by winning lesser forms of penalties (sometimes, even early freedom) for their clients by pleading that their clients are insane upon the commission of the crime. The theory in the use of and management of cases where insanity defense is used is, according to George Fletcher (1978) is that the use of insanity defense forces the resolution of our doubts about whether anyone is ever responsible for criminal conduct (Melton, Petrila, Poythress, Slobogin, 2007, p. 774). The theory of the insanity defense is better explained in the MNaghten Rules of 1843 which was created after the attempted assassination of Robert Peel, then the Prime Minister of UK, involving yet again another insane murderer (which was not the first time in UK history). It says: at the time of the commission of the acts constituting the offense, the defendant as a result of a severe mental disease or defect, was unable to appreciate the nature and quality of the wrongfulness of his acts (Moriarty, 2001, p. 153). The following briefly outlines the significant developments in history leading to the establishment of the insanity defense as how it is known today – introduction, theoretical framework, history and the conclusion discussing the impact of the use of insanity defense. History Several notable individuals in history have made insanity as their excuse on why they were able to commit the crime(s) that they were accused of. But this is not to say that this has always been effective. For one, insanity defense was not recognized in some parts of the world in some points in time. Even if it was recognized, not all of those who opted for it was freed or was declared innocent. As early as the seventeenth century, there were already issues involving crime and insanity. For example, Dorothy Talbye was believed to be insane when she murdered her daughter in 1638, but she was not able to use the insanity defense because it was not recognized in the colonial Americas system of justice during that particular era (Rogers, 2008, p. 7). More than a century later, the isolation of the cases wherein insanity is involved and the eventual development of the insanity defense started with the creation of the Criminal Lunatics Act of 1800 which was ratified in the United Kingdom. This move was prompted by the rage expressed by the public after the judicial system in place for managing those who are considered mentally ill or insane resulted in the release of James Hadfield, who declared he was insane or mentally ill when he attempted to murder King George III (Moriarty, 2001, p. 164). Thinking that there are loose ends and potentially problematic areas in managing those who are charged with crime but who are insane, UK finally enacted the Criminal Lunatics Act of 1800. This was followed by the MNaghten Rules of 1843, which influenced many related laws and rules applied in the US justice system before further developments influenced significant changes in how the insane is persecuted or how the justice system accommodates the plea for insanity in defense of criminal charge (Moriarty, 2001, p. 165). Using the insanity defense to escape death was an option for those who are charged with murder not just in the UK, but in the United States as well. As the US justice system progressed, it also made several adjustments when it comes to handling the insanity defense, developments which either complimented/helped or countered the insanity defense. One example is the introduction of the â€Å"irresistible impulse† in the US justice system (particularly in Ohio) in 1834 which explains one side of the insanity defense that despite being aware that the action was illegal, there was still a commission of the act because the individual lost control of his or her action because of mental impairment. This feature has had its run in US but was not enforced in UK at all (Moriarty, 2001, p. 153). There were some developments during the next century after the idea of irresistible impulse was popularized in several court proceedings in the US. By 1954, there was the popular Durham Rule first featured in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit which focused on the characteristic of mental disease and defect leading to the insanity of the accused. But this particular aspect was getting fewer and fewer supporters that by the start of the 1970s it was very seldom used anymore (Mackay, 1995, p. 110). By 1972, the Brawner Rule replaced the Durham rule during the case of the United States versus Brawner in the US Court of Appeals in the District of Columbia Circuit, with the Brawner rule stressing that the Brawner rule reduces the jury role in the proceedings. This development, however, was not considered as a national precedent because it was a circuit case and not a case in the US Supreme Court. The relevance of this rule will be shadowed by the implementation of the Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 (Thompson, 2007, p. 114). The shift towards drastically reconsidering the design for managing those who are accused of murder but gets away with the plea of insanity in US, like in UK, required a high profile case involving an assassination attempt on an important political leader. In this case, it was the case of John Hinckley Jr. and his assassination attempt on the US president Ronald Reagan and his use of the insanity defense. Because of how easily it seems that Hinckley got away because of the loose ends the insanity defense manages to exploit, the changes in the law (Title 18, U. S. Code, Section 17) now requires those who will use the insanity defense to be able to prove convincingly that he or she is really severely insane (Thompson, 2007, p. 114). In 1986, there was a case in the US (Ford v. Wainright) wherein the impact of insanity defense was reflected once more. In this case, the person who was charged pleaded that he was insane. Because of this, he cannot be executed in lieu of the existing US common law on insane defendants and how this type of individuals cannot be executed even if they are implicated in cases that merit the death sentence (Thompson, 2007, p. 114). Conclusion: Impact of the Use of Insanity Defense When insanity defense became a popular tool for lawyers to use so that their client can have a lesser punishment, there were changes based on how the public as well as the lawmakers have reacted on this predicament. The 1982 Hinckley case prompted the creation of bills as well as initiatives for the insanity defense to be revised. The United States Congress was involved, as well as many local state governments. Media entity saw that this topic has captured the attention of the public, and wanting to know what the people think about it, several polls were conducted and it revealed the sentiments of the public that the use of insanity defense often meant that justice was not served and that because of this practice many guilty people are being set free instead of being punished (Melton, Petrila, Poythress, Slobogin, 2007, p. 774).

The Contributions of Isaac Newton Essay -- Sir Isaac Newton Essays

Sir Isaac Newton was a profound mathematician and physicist, one of the primary scientificintellects of all time. For almost 300 years, Newton has been known as the leader in scientific achievements of modern physical science as well as mathematical research. Dedicated to learning and experimenting, Newton also plunged into chemistry, early history of Western Civilization and theology, and a concentration of special studies in forms and dimensions, which also included Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem. On Christmas day in 1642, Newton was born to a widowed farming mother. In 1664 while still a student, Newton studied optics and light. He investigated the refraction of light by a glass prism, which led to discovering measurable mathematical patterns in the phenomenon of color (1). He found white light to be a mixture of infinitely varied colored rays, each ray identifiable by the angle that it is refracted on entering or leaving a given translucent medium. Newton also correlated this experiment with his study of the interface of colors on thin films, such as oil and soap bubbles. He used a simple technique of measuring the thickness of each film used (2). This experiment of optics and light were widely unaccepted by many scientists. Newton'sexperiments were thought to be unconventional because they went against the previous ideas of optics and light. The skepticism of Christian Huygnes and Edme Mariotte's failure to duplicated Newton's experiments set other scientists on the European Continent against Newton for a generation. Newton's showed early intellect in mathematics through his notes in school. Newton made contributions to all branches of mathematics, but mainly discovered solutions to contemporary problems in analyti... ...dern science. Footnotes: 1. Hall, A. Rupert. Isaac Newton: Adventurer in Thought. New York: Cambrige Press. 1992. pg 68. 2. Hall, A. Rupert. Isaac Newton Eighteenth-Century Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1999. pg 72. 3. White, Michael. Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer. Reading, Massachusettes: Addison-Wesley. 1997. pg 78. 4. White, 79. 5. White, 89. 6. White, 180. 7. Hall, 234. 8. Hall, 235. 9. Hall, 270. 10. Hall, 286. 11. White, 295. Bibliography: Hall, A. Rupert. Isaac Newton: Adventurer in Thought. New York: Cambrige Press. 1992. pg 68. Hall, A. Rupert. Isaac Newton Eighteenth-Century Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1999. pg 72. White, Michael. Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer. Reading, Massachusettes: Addison-Wesley. 1997. pg 78. The Contributions of Isaac Newton Essay -- Sir Isaac Newton Essays Sir Isaac Newton was a profound mathematician and physicist, one of the primary scientificintellects of all time. For almost 300 years, Newton has been known as the leader in scientific achievements of modern physical science as well as mathematical research. Dedicated to learning and experimenting, Newton also plunged into chemistry, early history of Western Civilization and theology, and a concentration of special studies in forms and dimensions, which also included Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem. On Christmas day in 1642, Newton was born to a widowed farming mother. In 1664 while still a student, Newton studied optics and light. He investigated the refraction of light by a glass prism, which led to discovering measurable mathematical patterns in the phenomenon of color (1). He found white light to be a mixture of infinitely varied colored rays, each ray identifiable by the angle that it is refracted on entering or leaving a given translucent medium. Newton also correlated this experiment with his study of the interface of colors on thin films, such as oil and soap bubbles. He used a simple technique of measuring the thickness of each film used (2). This experiment of optics and light were widely unaccepted by many scientists. Newton'sexperiments were thought to be unconventional because they went against the previous ideas of optics and light. The skepticism of Christian Huygnes and Edme Mariotte's failure to duplicated Newton's experiments set other scientists on the European Continent against Newton for a generation. Newton's showed early intellect in mathematics through his notes in school. Newton made contributions to all branches of mathematics, but mainly discovered solutions to contemporary problems in analyti... ...dern science. Footnotes: 1. Hall, A. Rupert. Isaac Newton: Adventurer in Thought. New York: Cambrige Press. 1992. pg 68. 2. Hall, A. Rupert. Isaac Newton Eighteenth-Century Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1999. pg 72. 3. White, Michael. Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer. Reading, Massachusettes: Addison-Wesley. 1997. pg 78. 4. White, 79. 5. White, 89. 6. White, 180. 7. Hall, 234. 8. Hall, 235. 9. Hall, 270. 10. Hall, 286. 11. White, 295. Bibliography: Hall, A. Rupert. Isaac Newton: Adventurer in Thought. New York: Cambrige Press. 1992. pg 68. Hall, A. Rupert. Isaac Newton Eighteenth-Century Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1999. pg 72. White, Michael. Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer. Reading, Massachusettes: Addison-Wesley. 1997. pg 78.

The Reference of Theoretical Terms :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

The Reference of Theoretical Terms ABSTRACT: A popular explanation of the success of theories of science is that of scientific realism. It maintains, besides that the theories of a mature science are typically approximately true, that observational terms and theoretical terms refer to or denote entities. Therefore it is part of the realistic claim that "reference" explains "success." But if the realist is not able to clarify "reference" and a fortiori the reference on theoretical objects, the realist comes to a vicious circle, for there is no further criterion as the success of the theory to show that the term is referential. So it is necessary to clarify the notion "reference." Needless to say, "reference" is a relational term; but it easily becomes a problem that we are not only habituated to imagine the elation but we are convinced that a relation is just a relation between entities in a strict (viz., Quinian) sense. There are different kinds of references. For example, one is usually called "intentionality." If we , considering the traditional separation between reference and meaning, analyze meaning, we will find at least one referential component (intentional object). Such a referential process is not a meaningless aspect of linguistic reference, but now and then is the subject of the kind of relation called "denotation." The notion of meaning and the concept of reference are nonsubstantial constructions of interpretation. Nevertheless, I argue for a reference-theoretical approach. A popular explanation for the success of scientific theories is made by presupposing scientific realism. The realist's thesis maintains that typically the theories of "mature" science are approximately true and that observational terms and theoretical terms do actually refer, i.e. they denote entities. Therefore, it is part and parcel of the realistic claim that it is "reference" which explains theory "success". But if we or the realist are not able to clarify what "reference" is and a fortiori cannot specify the reference to theoretical "objects", we, and especially the realist, become entangled in a vicious circle, without any further independent criterion — apart from the success of the theory — which shows that the term is indeed a referring term. It is therefore clearly necessary to clarify the notion of reference. Needless to say, "reference" is a relational term; but immediately a problem arises here namely, that we not only habitually imagine the relata, but we are also convinced that a relation can only be a relation between entities in a strict (Quinean) sense.

Insights as a Treasurer

Insights as a treasurer Being bestowed upon me the task to collect and protect the fund of our club is tough and keeping it safe from corruption and theft a lot tougher. When making difficult decisions to the whole group, I must consider being prepared and clear- minded all the time for me to be able to make decisions for the good of the many. This task serves as a training for me to be ready and aware on what will need to do when I reach the stage when I will support my in the future.This will be the start in which I can show my classmates and teachers that I can be trustworthy to whatever they want me to accomplish. Even being confronted with the temptation of wealth and riches, this time I can prove myself that I can be trusted In little things as well as the big things. I am glad that I've served my classmates well and in five months that Vive been doing this Job, encountering problems are inevitable but with the help and purport of my classmates, I managed to hold on do the Job the right way. Paul John Man-on SITS Club Treasurer Insights as a treasurer Treasurer tough and keeping It safe from corruption and theft a lot tougher. When making 1 org and riches, this time I can prove myself that I can be trusted in little things as well as the big things. I am glad that Vive served my classmates well and in five months that Paul John Man-on SITS Club Treasurer

Understanding Quantum Optics

Understanding Quantum Optics Quantum optics is a field of quantum physics that deals specifically with the interaction of photons with matter. The study of individual photons is crucial to understanding the behavior of electromagnetic waves as a whole. To clarify exactly what this means, the word quantum refers to the smallest amount of any physical entity that can interact with another entity. Quantum physics, therefore, deals with the smallest particles; these are incredibly tiny sub-atomic particles which behave in unique ways. The word optics, in physics, refers to the study of light. Photons are the smallest particles of light (though it is important to know that photons can behave as both particles and waves). Development of Quantum Optics and the Photon Theory of Light The theory that light moved in discrete bundles (i.e. photons) was presented in Max Plancks 1900 paper on the ultraviolet catastrophe in black body radiation. In 1905, Einstein expanded on these principles in his explanation of the photoelectric effect to define the photon theory of light. Quantum physics developed through the first half of the twentieth century largely through work on our understanding of how photons and matter interact and inter-relate. This was viewed, however, as a study of the matter involved more than the light involved. In 1953, the maser was developed (which emitted coherent microwaves) and in 1960 the laser (which emitted coherent light). As the property of the light involved in these devices became more important, quantum optics began being used as the term for this specialized field of study. Findings Quantum optics (and quantum physics as a whole) views electromagnetic radiation as traveling in the form of both a wave and a particle at the same time. This phenomenon is called wave-particle duality. The most common explanation of how this works is that the photons move in a stream of particles, but the overall behavior of those particles is determined by a quantum wave function that determines the probability of the particles being in a given location at a given time. Taking findings from quantum electrodynamics (QED), it is also possible to interpret quantum optics in the form of the creation and annihilation of photons, described by field operators. This approach allows the use of certain statistical approaches that are useful in analyzing the behavior of light, although whether it represents what is physically taking place is a matter of some debate (although most people view it as just a useful mathematical model). Applications Lasers (and masers) are the most obvious application of quantum optics. Light emitted from these devices is in a coherent state, which means the light closely resembles a classical sinusoidal wave. In this coherent state, the quantum mechanical wave function (and thus the quantum mechanical uncertainty) is distributed equally. The light emitted from a laser is, therefore, highly ordered, and generally limited to essentially the same energy state (and thus the same frequency wavelength).

Facts and Geography of Honduras

Facts and Geography of Honduras Honduras is a country located in Central America on the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. It is bordered by Guatemala, Nicaragua and El Salvador and has a population of just under eight million. Honduras is considered a developing nation and it is the second poorest country in Central America. History of Honduras Honduras has been inhabited for centuries by various native tribes. The largest and most developed of these were the Mayans. European contact with the area began in 1502 when Christopher Columbus claimed the region and named it Honduras (depths in Spanish) because the coastal waters surrounding the lands were very deep. In 1523, Europeans began to further explore Honduras when Gil Gonzales de Avila entered the then-Spanish territory. A year later, Cristobal de Olid established the colony of Triunfo de la Cruz on behalf of Hernan Cortes. Olid however, tried to establish an independent government and he was later assassinated. Cortes then formed his own government in the city of Trujillo. Shortly thereafter, Honduras became a part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala.Throughout the mid-1500s, native Hondurans worked to resist Spanish exploration and control of the region but after several battles, Spain took control of the area. Spanish rule over Honduras lasted until 1821 when the country gained its independence. Following its independence from Spain, Honduras was briefly under the control of Mexico. In 1823, Honduras joined the United Provinces of Central America federation which later collapsed in 1838.During the 1900s, Hondurass economy was centered on agriculture and particularly on United State s-based companies that formed plantations throughout the country. As a result, the countrys politics were focused on ways to maintain the relationship with the U.S. and keep foreign investments.With the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s, Hondurass economy began to suffer and from that time until 1948, the authoritarian General Tiburcio Carias Andino controlled the country. In 1955, a government overthrow occurred and in 1957, Honduras had its first elections. However, in 1963, a coup took place and the military again ruled the country throughout much of the later 1900s. During this time, Honduras experience instability.From 1975 to 1978 and from 1978 to 1982, Generals Melgar Castro and Paz Garcia ruled Honduras, during which time, the country grew economically and developed much of its modern infrastructure. Throughout the rest of the 1980s and into the 1990s and 2000s, Honduras experienced seven democratic elections and in 1982, it developed its modern constitution. Government After more instability in the later 2000s, Honduras today considered a democratic constitutional republic. The executive branch is made up of the chief of state and the head of state - both of which are filled by the president. The legislative branch is comprised of the unicameral Congress of Congreso Nacional and the judicial branch is made up of the Supreme Court of Justice. Honduras is divided into 18 departments for local administration. Economics and Land Use Honduras is the second poorest country in Central America and has a highly uneven distribution of income. Most of the economy is based on exports. The largest agricultural exports from Honduras are bananas, coffee, citrus, corn, African palm, beef, timber shrimp, tilapia and lobster. Industrial products include sugar, coffee, textiles, clothing, wood products, and cigars. Geography and Climate Honduras is located in Central America along the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Oceans Gulf of Fonseca. Since it is located in Central America, the country has a subtropical climate throughout its lowlands and coastal areas. Honduras has a mountainous interior which has a temperate climate. Honduras is also prone to natural disasters like hurricanes, tropical storms, and flooding. For example, in 1998, Hurricane Mitch destroyed much of the country and wiped out 70% of its crops, 70-80% of its transportation infrastructure, 33,000 homes and killed 5,000 people. In addition in 2008, Honduras experienced severe flooding and almost half of its roads were destroyed. Facts Population: 7,989,415 (July 2010 estimate)Capital: TegucigalpaBordering Countries: Guatemala, Nicaragua, and El SalvadorLand Area: 43,594 square miles (112,909 sq km)Coastline: 509 miles (820 km)Highest Point: Cerro Las Minas at 9,416 feet (2,870 m)

The Current And Future Prospect Of Accor Hotels Tourism Essay Essay Example

The Current And Future Prospect Of Accor Hotels Tourism Essay Essay Example The Current And Future Prospect Of Accor Hotels Tourism Essay Essay The Current And Future Prospect Of Accor Hotels Tourism Essay Essay This proposal is to set into action and happen new instructions of concern by utilizing over the last three old ages economic and profitable public presentation to qualify the replies. The suggestion seeks different necessities of concern public presentation, such as: selling development ; Crisis direction ; and Functional degree scheme of Accor Hotels to categorise the consequences. The result shows with the intent of Accor Hotels are executing good in the past three twelvemonth s company public presentation. But still, there are a figure of betterments are necessary in industry growing. Crisis Management needs to be mandatory that can assist the administration to execute more efficaciously. Analyzing the Past tendencies and issues that causes the crisis related to the organisation and concerns are able to halt, manage, or chair the properties of crises in the hereafter. Accor have chance to develop the concern by geographical extension around the universe. Market development scheme concentrating in peculiarly at Asian and Pacific part that has future development like building Accor trade names like Suite Hotel and Motel6. That gives strength and besides helps to geographical extension of the company in order to achieve the client satisfaction and trade name image. Accor should hold functional degree scheme in human resource direction that are honoring and actuating the employees, clients and reselling by assorted methods like Gift verifiers, prepaid cards, wagess to heighten the relationships with the clients and employees. Contentss Executive Summary: 2 1. Introduction: 4 2. Background of Accor hotels: 4 3. Future Strategy for Accor: 6 3.1 Crisis Management: 6 3.2 Market development: 8 By analysing the ( Table 3 ) Asian Pacific part have a immense growing in Travel and Tourism between 2008- 2018. Where building and edifice of Suite hotel and Motel 6 of Accor trade names in Asiatic and Pacific part. Concentrating on new clients with the same merchandise and service but in different geographical countries is the Market development. However China and India are the emerging market constructing more suite hotel and motel 6 for the clients. So, Market development scheme for Accor hotels to develop the geographical extension around the Earth. 10 3.3 Functional degree Scheme: ( Human Resource Management ( HRM ) ) 10 4. Decision: 10 5. Mention 11 6. Appendix A 14 Introduction: This study is about the Strategic of Accor Hotels past, current and future chance. Section one evaluates the background of the Accor hotels in their past three old ages strategies between 2007-2009.Section two, it will be the hereafter strategies that will see the Internal and external Issues and tendencies on the hotel with SWOT analysis. Finally, it concludes and summaries the whole study. Background of Accor hotels: Around the universe Accor is one of the first hotel operator in the universe ( Accor, 2008a ) , European organiser in hotels and touristry and the planetary organiser in Services to concern clients and communal organisation, Accor works in nearlyA 100 nationA with excess thanA 150,000 employees ( Accor, 2008a ) . Past 40 old ages, it has offer consumers with cognition get in its two centre concerns, Hotels and Service ( Accor, 2008a ) . Hotels: Hotels has a geographically and structurally sensible concern portfolio. Hotel action contains farther thanA 15 matching merchandise from comfort to wealth that are recognized and respected around the universe for their service value ( Accor, 2008a ) . Accor offers assorted luxury hotels trade names like see Appendix A. Many lodging companies have developed many trade names to give out multiple market sections ( Jing, Dev, and Rao 2002 ) . Service: It operates overA 40 states ; Accor Services plans, expand and grip elevated value-added services for corporation ( Accor, 2008a ) . Accor Services proposeA a full pick of prepaid servicesA in the part ofA worker and community benefits ( Accor, 2008a ) . Accor hotels past and current schemes were evaluated with one-year studies of the company and message given by Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) of Accor Hotels. In 2006, Accor hotels have increased the figure of suites and available about double in 2010. The enlargement theoretical account of 40,000 suites per twelvemonth focal points on organisation contracts and franchise Accor ( 2010a ) .Accor has preferredA four drivers to administer the 40,000 new suites per twelvemonth by Expanding in Western Europe in Eco and Budget, and by franchise it increase the market portion in established markets, Strengthen the location in lifting states, Management networking to spread out the upmarket and luxury Accor ( 2010a ) . Accor has changed its scheme to concentrate more on increasing the concern through franchising and organisation contracts and less on building of new hotels ( Walsh, 2003 ) . Figure 1 Expansions and investing of Accor hotels around the Earth. Beginning: Accor ( 2010a ) The word strategy refers to the broad way, or holistic point of position, taken by an organisation to be after for and do safe its long period ends ( Marginson, 1988 ) . Accor introduced acquisition of Motivano package in functional degree Strategy of Human resource direction ( HRM ) in the technological developments, which enables on-line direction of employee benefits ( Accor 2008b ) . Wagess and motive for the employees, Customers and reselling by assorted methods like Gift verifiers, prepaid cards, Wagess to heighten the relationships with the clients and employees ( Accor, 2009a ) . Kotler ( 2003 ) says that it is important to do an first-class nexus among clients ; and the providers in order to develop the issue of consumer fidelity. Accor have merchandise development for their client s relationship towards the administration by holding a multi trade name A| Club trueness plan across the worldwide ( Accor 2008b ) . An enlargement method Accor service makes stronger its module for proficient modernism with the gaining of Prepay Technologies Ltd. The accomplishment of Prepay Technologies makes stronger for Accor Services direction and expands its aggregation of material and services in the UK ( Accor, 2007b ) . Accor focal point scheme on Gallic Polynesia for leisure travellers. It presents visitants the possibility to handle persons with the crucial in leisure and luxury at three of its limited resorts in Gallic Polynesia. Accor hotels are concentrating peculiarly on the Le Spa at Sofitel, Sofitel Bora Bora Beach Resort and Sofitel Motu Bora Bora, a private island in Gallic Polynesia ( PR Log, 2007 ) . Divertiture Strategy says that Selling a division or portion of an organisation ( David, 2009 ) . During 2007 Accor sold out 30 hotel belongingss in the United Kingdom for a‚Â ¬711 million ( Accor, 2007a ) . Because due to economic crisis and loss ( Accor, 2007b ) . In merchandise development Accor service start on UUB Premium card in the United Kingdom and the Commuter Check card in the United States ( Accor 2008b ) . That helps to keep the clients and employees within the administration. Accor Hospitality is to advance all its trade names, jointly. That has assorted scopes of Facili ties and low monetary values. That ab initio aim concern travellers and leisure interruption clients ( Marketing magazine, 2009 ) . Accor Hotels had a Net Loss of a‚Â ¬282 million due to the economic crisis and restructure costs numbering a‚Â ¬514 million ( Accor, 2010 ) . Future Strategy for Accor: 3.1 Crisis Management: A crisis is the perceptual experience of an unpredictable event that threatens of import anticipations of interest holders and can earnestly impact on organisation s public presentation and bring forth negative results Coombs ( 2007: 2-3 ) . Meyers ( 1986 ) categorized catastrophe into chief properties on community perceptual experiences, merchandise failures, sudden alterations in the market place and alterations in top disposal. Meyers as good argue that crises can be caused by problems with funding, concern dealingss, take-over s, planetary events and alterations in regulations and policy. For illustration, following the 9/11 onslaughts, most of the political and media argument on terrorist act has decided on turning away policies ( Kahn and Weiner, 2002 ) . Economic impact of 9/11 is sanely incalculable ; though the planetary travel and touristry council has approximative cut down of the travel and touristry demand worldwide to be 10 % . This comparison to the occupations loss of 8.8 million people world-wide including air hoses, hotels and circuit operators, generate a 1.7 % diminution of whole GDP for the planetary wealth. They were two different point of views about refering crisis direction. One group of Researchers ( e.g. , Perrow 1984 ; Gephart 1984 ) argued that crises are repeated and non evitable ; whereas others ( e.g. , Mitroff, Pearson, and Harrigan 1996 ; Roberts 1990 ) contended that in attending are conduct through which association can halt, run, or chair the properties of crises. Accor, which function the Sofitel, Ibis and Novotel trade names in the UK, said it will cut 10 % of its staff at its Gallic caput offices as it seem to do a 15 % lessening in maintain costs due to the clang of the unprecedented worldwide crisis ( Sharkey,2009 ) . But Parsons ( 1996 ) put frontward three classs of crises: 1. Immediate crises: Everywhere little or negative cautiousness survives hence organisations are non capable to analyze the crisis or set up a readying in front of the job or catastrophe work stoppages. 2. Emerging crises: These crises are identified and perchance it can be blocked or restricted through concern act. 3. Sustained crises: This perchance will transport on for hebdomads, months or still for longer continuance. The Bali panic operations in 2002 likely lost Indonesia half a million Visitors and $ 4.0 billion in revenue.A And besides in Jakarta hotels bombed in 17 July 2009 ( Telegraph, 2009 ) . Hotels in Indonesia have been bombed which leads to afraid tourers will travel to some other state now, and hotels will hold to use a buttload more money on security to seek to quiet those panicked travelers down ( Telegraph, 2009 ) . In Mumbai, terrorist onslaughts train state of affairs, a infirmary, a cafe and two hotels locations used by aliens every bit good as local business communities and leaders ( BBC News 2008 ) . It consequences in Negative travel advisories on India around assorted states. Harmonizing to the Federation of Hotels and Restaurant Association of India Booking by abroad travelers chiefly from U.S and Europe comes down by 40 % to 60 % ( Singh, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Kash and Darling ( 1998 ) crisis bar and planning can be managed by the undermentioned tools, strategic prediction, eventuality planning, issues analysis, scenario analysis. This bar and planning are helpful to pull off the crisis that affects the organisation. Harmonizing to Mitroff crisis can be prevented, manage, or chair the effects of crises in the organisation will helpful for the hereafter crisis to be prevented. Accor should supply security to their visitants is unavailable really earnestly, Sofitel Brussels Europe is endowed with a picture recording equipment observation system communicate by 60 cameras and magnetic keys warrant secure entree to the hotel floors ( Accor, 2010c ) . The Crisis Management Strategy is utile for the administration of Accor in the hereafter to get the better of the economic crisis and menaces of the administration. 3.2 Market development: Suggestion with the purpose creates a character designed for an intangible organic structure, merchandises tell to clients experiencing ( Kim and Kim 2004 ) . Harmonizing to David, 2009 concentrating on new clients with the same merchandise and service but in different geographical countries. Brand justness besides let a group to enlarge and increase the merchandise in a scope of market place ( Maharajan, Rao, and Srivastava, 1994 ) . A hotel trade name ab initio creates an importance for visitants by functioning to declare them of a indistinguishable phase of excellence ( O Neil and xiamo 2006 ) . The table1 shows Accor hotel trade names geographic presence in the universe, that there is a immense chances for start concern in emerging market like Asia and Pacific parts. Because they have Table 1 Accor hotel trade names geographic presence in the universe Trade name Europe MIDDLE EAST AFRICA ASIA PACIFIC NORTH AMERICA LATIN AMERICA Sum Entire 2,310 143 402 1,076 174 4,111 Sofitel 34 24 45 9 9 121 Pullman 25 5 15 _ 1 46 Novotel 264 20 85 7 19 395 Mercure/MGallery 483 30 105 _ 81 699 Suite hotel 24 2 _ _ _ 26 all seasons 42 _ 33 _ _ 75 Ibis 691 31 80 _ 59 861 Motel 6 _ _ _ 1001 _ 1,001 Unbranded hotels 22 7 15 0 1 45 Beginning: Adapted from Accor ( 2010a ) Construction of Suite hotel and Motel 6 in Asia Pacific part, that has largest volume of Travel A ; Tourism Demand in the future prospective and increase the market topographic point and transcending the geographical positions around the Earth. World Travel and Tourism Council ( WTTC ) says that, Table2. China has climbed two topographic points by crushing Japan and Germany and it occupied the 2nd place. Travel A ; Tourism service is lead by China ( WTTC, 2008 ) . Table3: Over the following 1 decennary, the image will alter to some extent as emerging touristry markets start to garner greater benefits from their investing in Travel A ; Tourism development. whereas the USA, China, Japan and Germany will maintain their current top four slots in footings of entire Travel A ; Tourism Demand ( in absolute footings ) , India will be the universe s figure one in footings of annual growing in Travel A ; Tourism require between 2008 and 2018, averaging 9.4 % per annum in front of China, Libya, Vietnam and Montenegro ( WTTC, 2008 ) . Table 2 Countries expected to bring forth the largest volume of Travel A ; Tourism Demand ( TTD ) in 2008 TTD, S.No Countries ( US $ bn ) 1 USA 1,747.5 2 China 592.0 3 Japan 514.3 4 Germany 505.7 5 France 418.8 6 United kingdom 403.7 7 Spain 338.2 8 Italy 302.9 9 Canada 231.4 10 Mexico 157.6 Beginning: WTTC, 2008. Table 3 Expected states growing in Travel A ; Tourism Demand between 2008 and 2018: S.No States 2008-18 ( % annualised existent growing ) 1 India 9.4 2 China 8.9 3 Libya 8.1 4 Vietnam 8.1 5 Crna gora 7.4 6 Roumania 7.1 7 Macao 7.1 8 South west africa 6.9 Beginning: WTTC, 2008. By analysing the ( Table 3 ) Asian Pacific part have a immense growing in Travel and Tourism between 2008- 2018. Where building and edifice of Suite hotel and Motel 6 of Accor trade names in Asiatic and Pacific part. Concentrating on new clients with the same merchandise and service but in different geographical countries is the Market development. However China and India are the emerging market constructing more suite hotel and motel 6 for the clients. So, Market development scheme for Accor hotels to develop the geographical extension around the Earth. 3.3 Functional degree Scheme: ( Human Resource Management ( HRM ) ) Hotels are the most of import constituents in touristry concern and Human resource issues exist unsafe to analyze value, and go around the reply to planetary competitory ( Jones and Haven- Tang, 2005 ) . The significance of problem depicting to accomplishments lack for the cordial reception sector is clearly shown by ( Zhang and Wu, 2004:425 ) . Zhang and Wu observed that in China the qualified campaigner have to be promoted by the hotelkeeper to manage the decision-making or administrative undertakings. So by honoring and actuating to the employees, clients and reselling by assorted methods like Gift verifiers, prepaid cards, wagess to heighten the relationships with the clients and employees. Decision: The rating of past three old ages one-year study, environmental chances and togss is set up much helpful information about the conditions of Accor Hotels located in all over the universe. However, it is indispensable for the organisation to believe once more to set into pattern the necessary strategic public presentation for the hereafter concern development. The Current tendencies and issues faced by the Tourism and Hospitality administration in Crisis that s hits both the economic and the Organization background. So Accor hotels should hold the Crisis Management scheme to get the better of the menaces like terrorist act and issues like recession that they have presently confronting. And Accor have an chance to spread out their geographic being in the Asian Pacific part by concentrating on the new metameric clients. Accor are increasing the suites per twelvemonth for the client to retain with their strong portfolio in nature. Accor have failing in adult male power deficit that can b e solved by the future Functional degree scheme that is managed by Human Resource Management. Rewarding and motivation of staffs in the administration.

Reaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reaction - Essay Example The Empire needs to fulfill its resources and looking for ways to increase a revenue. Taking into the account that the war and the win were happening in inter-American region, William Pym’s claim seems quietly fair: â€Å"The benefits form the war was mutual, and consequently, the disadvantages should be mutual too† (Pym). It’s most unlikely for colonial opposition to argue Colonies’ duties to the Empire, because there’s no discussion on a fact of taxation. Moreover, Benjamin Franklin stresses that Americans already pays â€Å"many and very heavy taxes† (Franklin). Instead, there’s a controversy about who should have a power to set a needed taxation. In the light of the above, what William Pitt filmily defines due to The Stamp Act as â€Å"the errourness of founding principle† appears to be a concern that taxation is setting by authorities which don’t represent Colonies’ interests (Pitt). From American point of view, The Stamp Act is considered as an imposed issue, a higher hierarchical order which has in mind to tighten the control upon Colonies. To lighten the reasons of such a perception, a historic post- war look should be taken. Acts are coming out while the Great-Britain military presence on American continent, and when setting new duties, military forces can be used for imposing, despite that Benjamin Franklin in his Testimony doubts such an outcome of the case (Franklin). What seems important, along with taxation The Stamp Act doubts authority of American paper based operations. By imposing a stamp paper as the only legitimate one it proclaims above the law any other American stamped operations. In this context Colonies’ concerns on their Rights and Liberties to be encroached reasonably lead to The Stamp Act crisis. Yet, when reading William Pym’s article, no understanding of these concerns from a side of the Crown can be found. Then two most logical explanations can

Improving Transactional Processing in AIS Research Paper

Improving Transactional Processing in AIS - Research Paper Example Purposes of Compliance Checks/Checking Systems a) Enforcement: to enforce company administrative policies, criminal statutes or both. b) Educational: to warn, educate and identify processes, departments or employees that are not meeting required standards. Implementing Compliance Checks/Checking Systems Employees, departments and various are made aware that compliance checks will be conducted at different times annually. They are also informed about potential penalties for lagging behind in the uplifting and maintenance of accounting regulations, standards and requirements (Williams & Spaul, 2011). If employees and personnel keep flaunting or falling short of accounting standards, the company can issue citations either to departments or specific people. These citations stipulate actions that may be taken to address such matters and how they will be addressed so that normal operations are maintained. Importance of Compliance Checking Systems In many companies, maintaining relevant acc ounting standards is a huge challenge. Employees and company officials may find it easier to come up with compliance checks than to maintain them. Compliance checking systems ensure that all relevant and appropriate standards are maintained as is necessary. Compliance checking systems may be the most effective and efficient method for enforcing rules, regulations and other stipulations concerning or relating to accounting standards. Recent studies have shown that compliance checking systems are effective. Two studies found that following the implementation of compliance checking systems, operations became more efficient and effective and employees found it so much easier to meet set targets without having to struggle (Bagranoff, 2008). In one company, for example, operational efficiency increased from 10% to 28% from 28% to 10% following the introduction and implementation of compliance checking systems. In another company, there was an immediate increase in the levels of compliance (12% to 29%). In addition to this, a national survey revealed that 66% of companies approve of compliance checking systems and policies (Williams & Spaul, 2011). Compliance checking systems provide a way through which employees and companies can "police" themselves. This is in addition to providing a source of motivation, participation and support that can greatly enhance overall accounting operations. Considerations for Implementation If compliance checks are not implemented well, they may be legally challenged by employees, suppliers and vendors who can claim unlawful entrapment. Successful compliance checking systems steer clear of tactics that may be viewed as "entrapment." (Gelinas, 2010). Apart from this, compliance checks and checking systems should be carried out, implemented and reviewed regularly in order to prevent laxity and a drop in standards. Companies that carry out checks at least twice a year report an average efficiency and compliance rate of 60%, which is good f or business and efficiency. b) Cash Disbursements Systems Objectives of Compliance Checking Systems include the following: a) Maintaining security of all cash held and received on a company’s premises. b) Banking all cash that are received intact every day c)

Contract Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contract Law - Assignment Example The question that needs to be determined in the sale transaction between Tom representing the Buyer and Max representing the Seller is whether Tom, in making the payment of 28,000 pounds has paid up in full according to the contractual terms, or whether Buyer will be liable to pay the additional amount of 2800 pounds that is being claimed by Seller, as a function of a small price rise that is sanctioned under the terms of its standard sale/purchase agreement that Tom has filled up when placing the order for the equipment. Contractual validity: In order for a contract to be valid, â€Å"there must be a definite offer mirrored by a definite acceptance.†1 In the case of Harvey v Facey2 a telegram sent by Facey confirming price was deemed not to be an offer3, however in the instant case, the Buyer (Tom) has made a definite offer to purchase the hydraulic jack system for the price listed (28,000 pounds) in the brochure while the Seller (Max) has orally agreed to supply the goods at the agreed list price of 28,000 pounds. Therefore, a contract has come into being and Max’s acceptance of the contract may be seen by his action in going ahead with the manufacture of the Hercules equipment.

Psychological disorders Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Psychological disorders - Movie Review Example He is amoral and has no problem being rude and condescending to his friends. After he tires of Tom Ripley’s company, he decides to tell him to leave by telling him he is boring with little regard for his feelings. He calls him a leach who is taking over his possessions and his life although he is the one who had invited him to stay with him. Additionally, he continuously has other sexual relations behind his girlfriends back and shows no remorse for it. He is so charming that he has no problem talking himself out of any problem. Discrepancies and any shortcomings he may have are hidden under a faà §ade of unrestrained adventurism and nonchalance. Although he has an endless supply of his father’s money, he selfishly refuses to lend any money to his lover who urgently needs it to have an abortion. He additionally cannot accept responsibility for her death when she commits suicide after the fact. Individuals suffering from narcissistic personality disorder can be effectively treated through individual cognitive behavioral therapy over a long period of time. The goal or outcome of the treatment is usually to modify distorted thoughts while creating a realistic self image. It is worth noting that successful treatment is usually hindered by the individual’s unwillingness to admit that they suffer from the disorder (APA). Psychopaths intellectualize and rationalize their behavior in a manner that shows dysfunction of conscience. They show no remorse for defrauding and hurting others. They are unable to adapt to societal norms and are usually unable to truly find their true identity. They tend to take up the identities of those that they admire or of people they would want to be. Tom Ripley is the perfect example of a psychopath whose main desire is to belong to a higher social class. He passes himself off as a Princeton graduate by wearing a blazer with the Princeton crest on the pocket. He fools Mr. Greenleaf into

Personal reflection Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal reflection - Term Paper Example Also, the manager is expected to provide expert support to high profile or difficult customers through analyzing the root-cause of specific problems and offering viable corrective planning direction in the service delivery process. As an effective Service delivery manager, I will build strong relationships with customers and maintaining service improvement plans, as noted in literature (Collier 1998). Short term and long-term goals In order to attain my learning goals and succeed in my preferred future career, there are certain short-term and long-term goals that I will attain. These goals will not only make me a better employee, but will guide me towards advancement throughout my career. My short-term goals have a time frame of one year and include the ability to cultivate effective study skills. According to popular research, in my position, I will need to understand different teaching methods used by lecturers and learn skills such as academic research and revision (Guskey 2003). In the same light, I will need to improve my time management skills within one year in order to finish assignments within the stipulated deadlines. I must improve my grammatical and proofreading skills in order to deliver excellent, error-free essays during my course work. Similarly, I need to gain enough knowledge of service delivery in order to excel at the use of information systems in service management, project management, personal development, research method skills and academic communication knowledge (Guskey 2003). My long-term goal is planned to be accomplished over a period of five years. My long-term goal is to attain my dream career of service delivery manager. In order to attain the goal, I have to dedicate a copious amount of time to learning, revision and research. Through this work, I will complete all course modules and seek internship and training opportunities that will enable me to gain practical knowledge in service and project management. In addition, during my advancement closer to my goal, I will take time to evaluate my progression and productive ways to overcome obstacles that encumber my path. Belbin test analysis Knowledge of my capacity to succeed in my career is imperative to understand and select the most viable role I would occupy on a team. As a result, I have conducted a Belbin test in order to assess my skills inventory. The Belbin test enables individuals to form good working relationships and gain self-awareness on individual effectiveness in the workplace. According to the results of the Belbin test that I took, my highest score, was 14 as a company worker (CW). My Score Worker Type 14 Company Worker 13 Chairman 10 Sharper 10 Resource Investigator 9 Team Worker 5 Monitor-Evaluator 3 Completer-Finisher Figure1. Types of Team Roles – Belbin Test Results As a Sharper (SH), I believe I can use my personality attributes to challenge team members to make improvements to their work (and turn obstacles in to opportunities). As a Completer-finisher (CF), I am concerned about tight deadlines and I will ensure that projects are completed within the stipulated deadlines. However, currently, I have a weakness in managing time and meeting deadlines. As a Team worker (TW), I believe that I will enhance group cohesion and facilitate negotiation with team members in

Psychological disorders Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Psychological disorders - Movie Review Example He is amoral and has no problem being rude and condescending to his friends. After he tires of Tom Ripley’s company, he decides to tell him to leave by telling him he is boring with little regard for his feelings. He calls him a leach who is taking over his possessions and his life although he is the one who had invited him to stay with him. Additionally, he continuously has other sexual relations behind his girlfriends back and shows no remorse for it. He is so charming that he has no problem talking himself out of any problem. Discrepancies and any shortcomings he may have are hidden under a faà §ade of unrestrained adventurism and nonchalance. Although he has an endless supply of his father’s money, he selfishly refuses to lend any money to his lover who urgently needs it to have an abortion. He additionally cannot accept responsibility for her death when she commits suicide after the fact. Individuals suffering from narcissistic personality disorder can be effectively treated through individual cognitive behavioral therapy over a long period of time. The goal or outcome of the treatment is usually to modify distorted thoughts while creating a realistic self image. It is worth noting that successful treatment is usually hindered by the individual’s unwillingness to admit that they suffer from the disorder (APA). Psychopaths intellectualize and rationalize their behavior in a manner that shows dysfunction of conscience. They show no remorse for defrauding and hurting others. They are unable to adapt to societal norms and are usually unable to truly find their true identity. They tend to take up the identities of those that they admire or of people they would want to be. Tom Ripley is the perfect example of a psychopath whose main desire is to belong to a higher social class. He passes himself off as a Princeton graduate by wearing a blazer with the Princeton crest on the pocket. He fools Mr. Greenleaf into

Memory and Attention and Intelligence Research Paper

Memory and Attention and Intelligence - Research Paper Example A breakdown of the assembly process of memory and lack of attention power are found as people get older. When people begin to age, their memory power becomes weaker and this condition can be directly attributed to the faltering of synapses. In addition, some parts of the brain like hippocampus which are very crucial to effective memory are highly vulnerable to aging. Moreover, as people get older, their brain shrinks itself and becomes less efficient. Similarly, cultural differences can influence the power of memory and attention to a great extent. For instance, individuals from western cultures concentrate more on object based and self relevant events whereas individuals from eastern cultures focuses more on contextual details and similarities. Culture and attention also maintains a similar connection. To be specific, culture influences attention which in turn impacts other cognitive and social processes. Studies have proven that gender differences may also influence human memory an d power of attention. Scholars opine that males have a better short term memory than females while females have a better long term memory than males. Researchers opine that males stand one step ahead of females in the case of power of attention.

Electronic Wastes Essay Example for Free

Electronic Wastes Essay E-Waste or Waste Of Electronic and Electrical Equipment has been known to contain more than 20 hazardous substances including lead, mercury and PCB’s (Polychlorobiphenyls). In the recent times e-waste has risen through the ranks of most harmful and destructive materials and has become the cause of worry for the entire world. With technology always a blink of an eye away there is always something swankier, better, and fancier than our present monitor, mobile set, and television. Just spare a thought to where all our discarded electronics go to and the mind goes boggling. Well, at the time of manufacturing some precious metals as well as toxic materials are used to prepare most of the flashy gadgets that we use. While during recycling the precious metals are refurbished and reused, the toxic materials on the other hand like lead, mercury and plastic are disposed or burnt. These substances when burned or disposed incorrectly release carcinogenic substances into air which have their own dire consequences. As e-waste is presently concentrated in the informal (unorganized) sector therefore it also results in occupational hazards and loss of resources due to inefficient processes. In Asia alone millions of computers are disposed each month, and add to this some other micro electronics like tube lights, electric bulbs, lightening equipments and the list grows quite fat but what percent of them are disposed properly to facilitate complete recycling or in a way the environment, well, the numbers aren’t very encouraging. Though there are certain plastics which can be recycled up to eight times but they require certain machineries to initiate the process and finish it neatly and completely. Those machineries are quite sophisticated and expensive and are mainly manufactured in china and Japan. Due to these blockages e-waste has become quite an important and at the same time a problematic issue. E-waste as such is not hazardous waste per-se. However, the hazardous constituents present in the e-waste render it hazardous when such wastes are dismantled and processed, since it is only at this stage that they pose hazard to health and environment. Some important constituents of e-waste are given below- ELECTRONIC ITEM CONSTITUENTS 1. Printed circuit boards Lead and Cadmium 2. Cathode ray tubes Lead oxide and Cadmium 3. Switches and flat screen monitors Mercury 4. Computer batteries Cadmium 5. Capacitors and transformers Poly-chlorinated-bi-phenyls 6. Cable insulation/coating Poly vinyl chloride 7. Plastic casings cable Retardant (Source: Power Systems By J. B. Gupta) Most of the constituents stated in the above list are non-recyclable but through efficient use of technology they can be reused up to a certain extent. In today’s hi-tech world one can’t really alienate himself to the latest technology especially in the field of electronics and as it is said, that today’s world is moving at a supersonic speed and if you can’t update yourself to its demands then it is bound to leave you light years away, and also one can’t shy away from the fact that if the waste recycling system works at its present pace then the entire world might soon have to face the fierce fury of the mother nature. Though e-waste recycling is expected to rapidly change with formal recyclers setting up operations but a lot of work needs to be done at the ground level. Recycling operations should engage in dismantling, sale of dismantled parts, valuable resource recovery and export of processed waste for precious metal recovery to countries like Japan and China. But one thing that must be kept in mind during recycling is that the main work is to be done during processing as e-waste is distinct as it is an end of consumption waste while hazardous waste results from a distant industrial process. The e-waste chain is rather complex as it involves multiple players-producers, distributors, retailers, end consumers, collection system and recyclers while hazardous waste chain involves only the occupier/generator and the operator. From the word operator I hazily remember a story I heard in high school about an e-junkyard owner and a chief operational head of an electronics company who handled recycled components department. The owner and the chief had met through an old acquaintance and had kept in touch following their common interests in cricket and chess. The owner was well known in his circle for his sharpness of repartee and tricky common sense something which the chief was unaware of. Once while playing chess with the chief the owner commented that the sales have nose-dived in the recent times due to less number of people now opting for recycling their e-wastes. The chief in turn replied that since he and the owner were good friends so he could help him bag some contracts from his company to recycle the e-waste if only he could beat him at the game of chess. The owner obliged but put forward a small demand that was to be completed if he won. There were no surprises when the owner won but after the game when the chief came to terms with the gravity of the loss he almost fainted. The so called small demand of the owner spilled like hot volcano magma on the face of the chief. The demand was as follows: The owner agreed to play the game of chess but only on one condition that the contract with the company should include a clause indicating the number of e-wastes he would acquire to recycle and then he devised a method to calculate the thus required number. This method involved a chess board on which the number of e-wastes that should be given to him were to be counted. He demanded that firstly he be given only two e-components to be placed on the first square of the chess board. The second lot was to be placed on the second square and the number of e-components he be given, doubled. Therefore on each subsequent square of the chess board the number doubled and at the half way mark the number of e-components reached an astonishingly high figure of fifty million. Fifty million and still counting, the chief has till date not been able to pay for the contracts he had promised to the owner in a light mood. So, what we conclude from above is that there’s no need to panic even in the worst of times. Even if we start investing in e-recycling today we can leave a better future for our coming generations. Also, the governments around the world must ensure that their industries adhere to e-waste (Management and Handling) rules under the environment protection act and put in place an effective mechanism to regulate the generation, collection, storage, transportation, import, export, environmentally sound recycling, treatment and disposal of e-waste. This includes refurbishment, collection system and producer responsibility thereby reducing the wastes destined for final disposal. The different e-waste fractions are processed to directly useable components and to secondary raw materials in a variety of refining and conditioning processes. Solid waste is deposited in a municipal landfill. Systematic gas and water collecting systems are not installed; hence significant emissions to water and air are caused. The site is crowded with informal waste pickers. Works Cited Theraja, B. L. â€Å"Electrical Technology† Volume II. Gupta, J. B. â€Å"Electronic Devices And Circuits† , Katson Books. Gupta, J. B. â€Å"Power Systems† , Katson Books. Technologies Applied in New Delhi. http://ewasteguide. info/technologies_applied_in_new_delh

Importance of Understanding Biological Basis of Behaviour

Importance of Understanding Biological Basis of Behaviour This essay will first of all attempt to briefly distinguish between some of the bases of understanding behaviour. Next, the biological approach will be elaborated and this will be followed by a succinct evaluation of the strengths and criticisms of this approach. Behaviour can be understood from different bases (approaches). Among these include Behaviourist, Cognitive, Psychodynamic, Humanistic and Biological approaches (Glassman and Hadad, 2013). The behavioural approach assumes that behaviour is created or modified by environmental factors, irrespective of the mind (Chance, 2013). Vice versa, understanding behaviour from a cognitive basis involves the consideration of internal events (mediators) between a stimulus and behaviour. Contrary to the biological approach, these internal events are conceptual rather than physiological (Gardner, 2008). Similarly, the psychodynamic approach assumes that behaviour is shaped by internal mental processes. On the contrary, it focuses on the motivation of behaviour (intentionality). Such motivation influences personality and thereby influences behaviour (Glassman, Glassman and Hadad, 2008). From a humanistic perspective, behaviour is understood from an individual’s subjective experiences (phenomeno logical viewpoint), a free will of individuals to behave which is not influenced by immediate or past stimuli (the capacity of choice) and the value individuals place on their experiences and actions (the role of meaning) (Fernald, 2008). In the biological approach, behaviour is as result of neurological, genetic and physiological processes. The brain and the central nervous system play a key role in determining behaviour. Changes in the growth of the brain are genetically determined and result in psychological and behavioural development. A well-functioning nervous system depicts normal behaviour. Abnormal behaviour is usually characterised by bodily (organic) or genetic disorders, chemical imbalances, brain injury or mental illness. Consequently, the modes of treatment include the use of drugs, psychosurgery and electroconvulsive therapy. These are used to treat the underlying causes of the illness or to relieve symptoms (Sanders, 2014). There are various strengths in understanding behaviour from a biological basis (approach). The biological basis of understanding behaviour has improved our understanding of behaviour. It has successfully proved the impact of genetic factors in explaining behaviour (including individual differences) such as intelligence and some mental disorders. For example, twin studies have shown that behaviour such as susceptibility to mental disorders (Posthuma and Polderman, 2013) and intelligence (FraniĆ¡ et al, 2014) is shaped by genetic factors. The biological approach to understanding behaviour often takes a reductionist approach. Hence, various experimental studies have provided useful results in understanding behaviour. For example, physiological and genetic studies have contributed immensely to our understanding of sleep (Wyatt et al, 1999, Allebrandt et al, 2011, Dauvilliers, Maret and Tafti, 2005). Understanding behaviour from a biological basis has been usefully applied in psychopathology. It has been beneficial in the use of chemotherapy to treat mental disorders such as depression, anxiety and schizophrenia (Rockstroh, 2001). Genetic counselling for couples is as a result of our understanding of the relation that exists between genes and behaviour. This could be of great relief for some couples who carry a gene that makes their children susceptible to a fatal disease (Harper, 2010). It is also believed that understanding behaviour in its biological context could help in generalisations between animals and humans (Larsson, 2003). Despite these strengths, the biological basis of understanding behaviour faces some criticisms. It is argued that a thorough understanding of behaviour cannot be established from studying only biological factors. Social, cultural and psychological factors have also been shown to have an influence on behaviour. It has therefore been criticised for not including these factors in explaining behaviour (Glassman and Hadad, 2013). Furthermore, some have stressed that behaviour is a process and not a substance as portrayed in the biological approach (Greenberg, 2011, Overton, 2006). From a biological perspective, there is great emphasis of the role of genetic factors in shaping behaviour. However, this relation has been shown to be indirect and understood poorly. For example, a twin study by Plomin et al. (1990) found that television watching is influenced by genetic factors, but it is unclear how genes cause such effect. In conclusion, understanding behaviour from only a biological basis seems inadequate. This calls for consideration of other approaches to address its limitations. Total word count: 699 References: Allebrandt, K., Amin, N., Mà ¼ller-Myhsok, B., Esko, T., Teder-Laving, M., Azevedo, R., Hayward, C., Van Mill, J., Vogelzangs, N. and Green, E. (2011) A KATP channel gene effect on sleep duration: from genome-wide association studies to function in Drosophila. Molecular Psychiatry [online]. 18 (1), pp.122-132. [Accessed 16 October 2014] Chance, P. (2013) Learning and Behavior. Cengage Learning. Dauvilliers, Y., Maret, S. and Tafti, M. (2005) Genetics of normal and pathological sleep in humans. Sleep Medicine Reviews [online]. 9 (2), pp.91-100. [Accessed 14 October 2014] Fernald, L.D. (2008) Psychology: Six Perspectives. Los Angeles: Sage Publications. FraniĆ¡, S., Dolan, C.V., van Beijsterveldt, C.E., Pol, H.E.H., Bartels, M. and Boomsma, D.I. (2014) Genetic and Environmental Stability of Intelligence in Childhood and Adolescence. Twin Research and Human Genetics [online]. 17 (03), pp.151-163. [Accessed 19 October 2014] Gardner, H. (2008) The Minds New Science: A History of the Cognitive Revolution. Basic books. Glassman, W., Glassman, W.E. and Hadad, M. (2008) Approaches to Psychology. McGraw-Hill International. Glassman, W.E. and Hadad, M. (2013) Approaches to Psychology. London: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Greenberg, G. (2011) The failure of biogenetic analysis in psychology: Why psychology is not a biological science. Research in Human Development [online]. 8 (3-4), pp.173-191. [Accessed 14 October 2014] Harper, P.S. (2010) Practical Genetic Counselling. Hodder Arnold London. Larsson, K. (2003) My way to biological psychology. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology [online]. 44 (3), pp.173-187. [Accessed 25 October 2014] Overton, W.F. (2006) Developmental psychology: Philosophy, concepts, methodology. Handbook of Child Psychology. Plomin, R., Corley, R., DeFries, J.C. and Fulker, D.W. (1990) Individual differences in television viewing in early childhood: Nature as well as nurture. Psychological Science [online]. 1 (6), pp.371-377. [Accessed 29 October 2014] Posthuma, D. and Polderman, T.J. (2013) What have we learned from recent twin studies about the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders? Current Opinion in Neurology [online]. 26 (2), pp.111-121. [Accessed 30 October 2014] Rockstroh, B. (2001) Contributions of biological psychology to psychopathology. Biological Psychology [online]. 57 (1), pp.1-4. [Accessed 20 October 2014] Sanders, R.L. (2014) Biological Psychology. London: Learning Matters. Wyatt, J.K., Ritz-De Cecco, A., Czeisler, C.A. and Dijk, D.J. (1999) Circadian temperature and melatonin rhythms, sleep, and neurobehavioral function in humans living on a 20-h day. The American Journal of Physiology [online]. 277 (4 Pt 2), pp.R1152-63. [Accessed 30 October 2014] 1

The Influence of Technology on Literature Essay -- Computers Digital E

The Influence of Technology on Literature This essay will discuss the way new technologies have influenced some of the areas of literature. Whilst the writer of this essay acknowledges the development of cyber books for their pure entertainment value, this essay will focus on the influence of new technology in the practical advances in the literature and associated industries. This includes the influences that new technology has had on the entertainment aspect, the educational aspect, the industry aspect and the employment aspect. This essay will discuss the influence that new technologies and new uses for old technologies have had on some aspects of literature and the producers and consumers of books. This includes authors, publishers and of course the reader. The purpose of this article is to convince the reader that new technologies have a place in literature and that through an adoption rather than a fear of these technologies both authors, publishers and readers can benefit. The first issue to be considered is the influence and implications of new technologies on authors. For example, voice activated software. Voice activated software and writing materials are not a new technology. However, particularly in the literature industry it would appear that its full use is only just being recognised. Howell (2004) interviewed someone who he claims is a noted and famous author and reports of the nerve damage incurred in his elbow after years of typing at a typewriter and then computer whilst writing books. Unfortunately, being self-employed, workers compensation didn’t ‘kick in’ for this author and he was forced to think outside the box to find an alternative to continue his career. This author adapted voice activated soft... ...Some Technology Holdouts Find Computers Distracting, Impersonal. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News, 1. Howell, K. (2004). New Technology Solves Old Cases and Writes New Books. 2004, 25(16), 38. Lewis, P. (2004). Prose and Cons: Sony new E-Book. Fortune, 150(5), 62-64. Prain, V., & Hand, B. (2003). Using new technologies for learning: A case study of a whole-school approach. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 35(4), 441-447. Roush, W. (2002). The death of digital rights management? Technology Review, 105(2), 24-26. Staley, D. (2003). The Future of the book in a digital age. The Futurist, 37(5), 18. Strayhorn, C. K. (2004). Teaching the Tech-savvy. Fiscal Notes, 6-5. White, J., Anthony, J., Weeks, A. C., & Druin, A. (2004). The International Children's Digital Library: Exploring Digital Libraries for Children. Bookbird, 42(2), 8-15. The Influence of Technology on Literature Essay -- Computers Digital E The Influence of Technology on Literature This essay will discuss the way new technologies have influenced some of the areas of literature. Whilst the writer of this essay acknowledges the development of cyber books for their pure entertainment value, this essay will focus on the influence of new technology in the practical advances in the literature and associated industries. This includes the influences that new technology has had on the entertainment aspect, the educational aspect, the industry aspect and the employment aspect. This essay will discuss the influence that new technologies and new uses for old technologies have had on some aspects of literature and the producers and consumers of books. This includes authors, publishers and of course the reader. The purpose of this article is to convince the reader that new technologies have a place in literature and that through an adoption rather than a fear of these technologies both authors, publishers and readers can benefit. The first issue to be considered is the influence and implications of new technologies on authors. For example, voice activated software. Voice activated software and writing materials are not a new technology. However, particularly in the literature industry it would appear that its full use is only just being recognised. Howell (2004) interviewed someone who he claims is a noted and famous author and reports of the nerve damage incurred in his elbow after years of typing at a typewriter and then computer whilst writing books. Unfortunately, being self-employed, workers compensation didn’t ‘kick in’ for this author and he was forced to think outside the box to find an alternative to continue his career. This author adapted voice activated soft... ...Some Technology Holdouts Find Computers Distracting, Impersonal. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News, 1. Howell, K. (2004). New Technology Solves Old Cases and Writes New Books. 2004, 25(16), 38. Lewis, P. (2004). Prose and Cons: Sony new E-Book. Fortune, 150(5), 62-64. Prain, V., & Hand, B. (2003). Using new technologies for learning: A case study of a whole-school approach. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 35(4), 441-447. Roush, W. (2002). The death of digital rights management? Technology Review, 105(2), 24-26. Staley, D. (2003). The Future of the book in a digital age. The Futurist, 37(5), 18. Strayhorn, C. K. (2004). Teaching the Tech-savvy. Fiscal Notes, 6-5. White, J., Anthony, J., Weeks, A. C., & Druin, A. (2004). The International Children's Digital Library: Exploring Digital Libraries for Children. Bookbird, 42(2), 8-15.

A Feminist Perspective of Atwoods Surfacing Essay -- Feminism Feminis

A Feminist Perspective of Surfacing  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Often referred to as a "feminist / ecological treatise" by critics, Margaret Atwood's Surfacing reflects the politics and issues of the postmodern society (Hutcheon 145). The narrator of the story (who remains nameless) returns to the undeveloped island that she grew up on to search for her missing father; in the process, she unmasks the dualities and inconsistencies in both her personal life and her patriarchal society. Through the struggle to reclaim her identity and roots, the Surfacer begins a psychological journey that leads her directly into the natural world. Like the journey itself, the language, events, and characters in Atwood's novel reflect a world that oppresses and dominates both femininity and nature. Strong and unmistakable in Surfacing, the ecofeminist theory establishes itself in three specific ways: through the references to patriarchal reasoned dualities between the masculine and feminine world; through the domination and oppression of the feminine an d natural world, and through the Surfacer's own internal struggle and re-embracement of nature. Since "the voices of ecofeminism are diverse," it requires definition (Zabinski 315). A postmodern movement that "abandons the hardheaded scientific approach . . . in favor of a more spiritual consciousness," ecofeminist theory links the oppression of women with the oppression of nature (Salleh 339). More specifically, "ecological feminism is the position that there are important connections -- historical, experiential, symbolic, theoretical -- between the domination of women and the domination of nature, an understanding which is crucial to both feminism and environmental ethics" (Warren, The Power and the P... ... Ecology." Healing the Wounds: The Promise of Ecofeminism. Ed. Judith Plant. Philedelphia: New Society Publishers, 1989: 18-28. Legleer, Gretchen T. "Ecofeminism Literary Criticism." Warren, Ecofeminism 227-238. Salleh, Ariel. "Deeper than Deep Ecology: The Eco-feminist Connection." Environmental Ethics. Vol.6. 339-345. Warren, Karen, ed. Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, and Nature. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1997. ---. "Taking Empirical Data Seriously: An Ecofeminist Philosophical Perspective." Warren, Ecofeminism 3-20. ---. "The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism." Environmental Ethics: 125-146. Zabinski, Catherine. "Scientific Ecology and the Ecological Feminism: The Potential for Dialougue." Warren, Ecofeminism 314-322. Zimmerman, Michael. "Feminism, Deep Ecology, and Environmental Ethics." Environmental Ethics. Vol. 9, 22-44.   

Images of Black Christian Leaders Essay

African and Christian in the names of our denominations denote that we are always concerned for the well-being of economically and politically exploited persons, for gaining or regaining a sense of our own worth, and for determining our own future. We must never invest with institutions that perpetuate racism. Our churches work for the change of all processes which prevent our members who are victims of racism from participating fully in civic and governmental structures. † (Satterwhite, 1999) Race has been used by antebellum period social scientists to refer to distinctions drawn from physical appearance (skin color, eye shape, physiognomy), and ethnicity was used to refer to distinctions based on national origin, language, religion, food, and other cultural markers. â€Å"Race has a quasi-biological status and among psychologists, the use of race terminology is hotly debated In the United States, race is also a socially defined, politically oppressive categorization scheme that individuals must negotiate while creating their identities. † (Frable, 1997) This suggests racial motivation impetus more of a political-cultural propensity rather than a religious motivated trait. All along, even during the slavery, Americans of African descent, have consistently had a high sense of religious significance. The Christian Movement probably had a dramatic effect on the personal identity more so than the reference group orientation of black people as whole. African decedents as a whole, during this period in history, was observed as a singled reference group type orientation that determine behavior depended greatly on Black Christian leadership. The calls for religious framework forces one to consider the how the leaders was portrayed in current media of the period, i. e. newspapers, paintings photos, etc. What clearly points to the very success of black Christian leadership during the Civil War is indicated by the way unity was exhibited during this time black social and political culture. Both free black leaders and the masses of Southern slaves who rebelled against their masters turned a white war into a battle over slavery and racial injustice with religion as the foundational argument for both sides of the issue. Slavery’s destruction, ironically, removed a common focus of protest, and more importantly, enticed certain â€Å"black elites† to accept the â€Å"liberal concept† of changing American political culture through religion by trying to join it and reform it from within. The black Christian movements of the late 1800s was a significant single indicator of common social beliefs that may simply be related with other dimensions and intangibles not yet discovered or even recognized during this time. In brief, due to the impact of during this forty to fifty year span, Black Christian consciousness and awareness had become so pervasive throughout the black population that single item common-fate solidarity was adequate to capture a fully politicized sense of group consciousness. The history of African American Christianity is bound up with the history of American slavery. African Americans encountered Christianity in the context of enslavement, and it was as captives that they began the long process of making the gospel their own. The process varied across time and space and defies generalization or easy description. Sometimes conversion came quickly, in explosive moments of â€Å"awakening†; more often, it unfolded over generations, as Christian belief and practices insinuated themselves into slaves’ daily rounds. â€Å"In some settings, the new creed seems almost completely to have displaced older religions, which survived only in a handful of disembodied beliefs and rituals. In other places, Christian usages were grafted onto still vital African religious traditions, producing dynamic, richly religion philosophical creeds. Yet whatever the pace or pathway, slaves across the Americas were drawn into the dialectic of conversion, transforming the religion of their captors even as it transformed them. † (Campbell, 1995) Preceding Any War As the antebellum period began, America was approaching its golden anniversary as an independent political state, but it was not yet a nation. There was considerable disagreement among the residents of its many geographical sections concerning the exact limits of the relationship between the Federal government, the older states, and the individual citizen. In this regard, many factions invoked concepts of state sovereignty, centralized banking, nullification, popular sovereignty, secession, all-Americanism, or manifest destiny. However, the majority deemed republicanism, social pluralism, and constitutionalism the primary characteristics of antebellum America. Slavery, abolition, and the possibility of future disunion were considered secondary issues. The history and sociopolitical influence of the African-American church documents an interminable struggle for liberation against the exploitative forces of European domination. Although Black religion is predominantly Judeo-Christian, its essence is not simply white religion with a cosmetic face lift. Rather the quintessence of African-American spiritual mindedness is grounded in the social and political experience of Black people, and, although some over the years have acquiesced to the dominant order, many have voiced a passionate demand for â€Å"freedom now. † The history of the African-American church demonstrates that the institution has contributed four indispensable elements to the Black struggle for ideological emancipation, which include a self-sustaining culture, a structured community, a prophetic tradition, and a persuasive leadership. The church of slavery, which began in the mid-eighteenth century, started as an underground organization and developed to become a pulpit for radicals like Richard Allen, (discussed in detail) and the platform for revolutionaries like David Walker. For over one hundred ears, African slaves created their own unique and authentic religious culture that was parallel to, but not reflective of the slave-owner’s Christianity from which they borrowed. Meeting on the quiet as the â€Å"invisible church,† they created a self-preserving belief system by Africanizing European religion. Commenting on this experience, Alice Sewell, a former slave of Montgomery, Alabama, states, â€Å"We used to slip off in de woods in de old slave days on Sunday evening way down in de swamps to sing and pray to our own liking† (Simms, 1970, p. 263). During the late 1700s, when slavery was being dismantled in the North, free Black Methodists courageously separated from the patronizing control of the white denomination and established their own independent assemblies. This marked the genesis of African-American resistance as a nationally structured, mass-based movement. In 1787, Richard Allen, after suffering racist humiliation at Philadelphia’s St. George Methodist Episcopal Church, separated from the white congregation and led other Blacks, who had been similarly disgraced, to form the African Methodist Episcopal Church (A. M. E. ) in 1816. The new group flowered. By 1820 it numbered 4,000 in Philadelphia alone, while another 2,000 claimed membership in Baltimore. The church immediately spread as far west as Pittsburgh and as far south as Charleston as African-Americans organized to resist domination. Through community groups, they contributed political consciousness, economic direction, and moral discipline to the struggle for freedom in their local districts. Moreover, Black Methodists sponsored aid societies that provided loans, business advice, insurance, and a host of social services to their fellow-believers and the community at large. In sum the A. M. E. Churches functioned in concert to organize African-Americans throughout the country to protect them selves from exploitation and to ready them for political emancipation. Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World During this same period, David Walker exemplified the prophetic tradition of the Black church with his â€Å"Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World,† published between 1829 and 1830. Walker employed biblical language and Christian morality in creating anti-ruling class ideology: slaveholders were â€Å"avaricious and unmerciful wretches† who were guilty of perpetrating â€Å"the most wretched, abject, and servile slavery† in the world against Africans. To conclude, the church of the slave era contributed substantially to African-American social and political resistance. The â€Å"invisible institution† provided physical and psychological relief from the horrific conditions of servitude: within the confines of â€Å"hush arbors,† bonds people found unfamiliar dignity and a sense of self-esteem. Similarly, the A. M. E. congregations confronted white paternalism by organizing their people into units of resistance to fight collectively for social equality and political self-direction. And finally, the antebellum church did not only empower Blacks by structuring their communities; it also supplied them with individual political leaders. David Walker made two stellar contributions to the Black struggle for freedom–he both created and popularized anti-ruling class philosophy. He intrepidly broadcasted the conditional necessity of violence in abolishing slavery demanding to be heard by his â€Å"suffering brethren† and the â€Å"American people and their children† in both the North and the South. As churches grew in size and importance, the Black pastor’s role as community leader became supremely influential and unquestionably essential in the fight against Jim Crow. For instance, in 1906, when the city officials of Nashville, Tennessee, segregated the streetcars, R. H. Boyd, a prominent leader in the National Baptist Convention, organized a Black boycott against the system. He even went so far as to operate his own streetcar line at the height of the conflict. To Boyd and his constituents no setback was ever final, and the grace of God was irrefutability infinite. African Methodist Episcopal†¦Mark of Independence When Richard Allen was 17, he experienced a religious conversion that changed his life forever. (PBS, Allen) Even though born into slavery in Philadelphia in 1760, he became not only free but influential, a founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Church and its first bishop. Allen, recognize as one of the first African-Americans to be emancipated during the Revolutionary Era, had to forge an identity for his people as well as for himself. Richard Allen Allowed by his repentant owner to buy his freedom, Allen earned a living sawing cordwood and driving a wagon during the Revolutionary War. After the war he furthered the Methodist cause by becoming a â€Å"licensed exhorter,† preaching to blacks and whites from New York to South Carolina. To reconcile his faith and his African-American identity, Allen decided to form his own congregation. He gathered a group of ten black Methodists and took over a blacksmith’s shop in the increasingly black southern section of the city, converting it to the Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church hence, the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Allen was chosen as the first bishop of the church, the first fully independent black denomination in America. He had succeeded in charting a separate religious identity for African-Americans. Although the Bethel Church opened in a ceremony led by Bishop Francis Asbury in July 1794, its tiny congregation worshiped â€Å"separate from our white brethren. † In 1807 the Bethel Church added an â€Å"African Supplement† to its articles of incorporation; in 1816 it won legal recognition as an independent church. In the same year Allen and representatives from four other black Methodist congregations (in Baltimore; Wilmington, Delaware; Salem, New Jersey; and Attleboro, Pennsylvania) met at the Bethel Church to organize a new denomination, the African Methodist Episcopal Church. To be noted, the white Methodists of the New York Conference resisted the move toward independence, but those of the Philadelphia Conference, in Richard Allen’s territory, gave a conditional blessing, an irony that must have galled the Bethelites (as Allen’s group was popularly known). Of the two black denominations, the Bethelites enjoyed greater growth and more stable leadership in the pre-Civil War decades. The Great Awakening The Great Awakening as a marker for a cultural and religious upheaval did not appear immediately, but in scholastic research on religion in the eighteenth century, the time reflects the complexity of attitudes toward, and consequences of, religious activity in the African American communities. Taken in total, the landscape of Black Christian images presented a vast picture, still incompletely realized, from the earlier and persistent view of a monolithic vision accepted by many. Possibly only to save a few rationalists or extremists could see a different scenario. After his own religious conversion, Richard joined the Methodist Society, began attending classes, and evangelized his friends and neighbors. Richard and his brothers attended classes every week and meetings every other Thursday. A. M. E. leaders began to use both written biographical materials and public commemorations of Allen’s life to instill a sense of history and tradition among the largely illiterate masses. Their complementary use of public commemorations and written accounts of Allen’s life during this period suggest a more general attempt among Black leaders to bridge the overlapping worlds of morality and literacy in order to establish a sense of tradition, an empowering historical memory, and a pantheon of Black heroes who might one day gain their rightful place in the national pantheon. (Conyers, 1999) Notwithstanding its name, the AME Church was clearly the most respectable and â€Å"orthodox† of black American independent churches. While some recognizably African elements surfaced in services, AME leaders tended to disdain if not actively to suppress those beliefs and practices that scholars today celebrate as signs of Africa’s persistence in the New World. The whole point of â€Å"racial vindication† was to demonstrate blacks’ capacity to uphold â€Å"recognized standards† in their personal and collective lives and thereby to hasten abolition and full inclusion in American society. Surely people interested in connections between black America and Africa should look elsewhere than the AME Church. Historically, the first separate denominations to be formed by African Americans in the United States were Methodist. The early black Methodist churches, conferences, and denominations were organized by free black people in the North in response to stultifying and demeaning conditions attending membership in the white-controlled Methodist Episcopal churches. This independent church movement of black Christians was the first effective stride toward freedom by African Americans. Unlike most sectarian movements, the initial impetus for black spiritual and ecclesiastical independence was not grounded in religious doctrine or polity, but in the offensiveness of racial segregation in the churches and the alarming inconsistencies between the teachings and the expressions of the faith. It was readily apparent that the white church had become a principal instrument of the political and social policies under girding slavery and the attendant degradation of the human spirit. In all fairness, without exception, Richard Allen embodied the assertive free-black culture that was maturing in the North by the 1830s. Despite criticisms of his domineering manner and personal ambition, Allen had attained by the time of his death in 1831, a position of respect among his people that was rivaled by very few of his contemporaries. Mother Bethel Church Via Allen’s single minded influence, the denomination reached the Pacific Coast in the early 1850’s with churches in Mother Bethel Church Stockton, Sacramento, San Francisco, and other places in California. Moreover, Bishop Morris Brown established the Canada Annual Conference. Remarkably, the slave states of Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, Louisiana, and, for a few years, South Carolina, became additional locations for AME congregations.